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A complete and easy note on lipids

LIPIDS
They are the organic substances made up of C, H, O, sometimes P, and N also.
They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as Ether, benzene, chloroform.

CAUSE;
 Due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons.

FATS;

It is also known as fatty acid. It is the organic acid. It is variable due to the presence of two groups. The one is COOH and the other is R means alkyl group. It is hydrophobic. Its general formula is (COOH-R). It has a low level of oxygen then In carbohydrate. For example TRISTEARIN ACID. It is a lipid and it is present in the beef fat of pigs.
Its formula is C57H110O6 . So now it is clear from the example that it has a low level of oxygen.

GLYCEROLS;

It is alcohol. It is constant and not a variable. It soluble in water and it is hydrophilic means water lover. it has the structure containing 3 carbons, 8 hydrogen, and 3 oxygen. Its formula is  C3H8O.
Types of fatty acid

There are two types of fatty acids.
1) Saturated
2) Unsaturated

SATURATED;

They have no double bonds in their bonding structure.
There is a presence of maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
There is no further accommodation of hydrogen atoms.
They are solid at room temperature.
Mostly they have even number of bonds.
Its general formula is CH3(CH2)nCOOH.
Examples are;
Palmatic acid. A 16 carbon compound present in the beef fats.
myristic acid. A 12 carbon compound present in butter fats.
Stearic acid. A 14 carbon compound present in beef fats.

UNSATURATED

They have double bonds in their bonding structure but not greater than 6.
They are insoluble at room temperature.
They can accommodate more hydrogen atoms due to the presence of double bonds which makes them felixble like rubber.
They may be
 1) Mono unsaturated fats. (Containing only 1 double bond.)
2) Poly unsaturated fats. (Containing more than 2 double bonds) omega 3 and omega 6).
3) Trans unsaturated fats. (Having double bonds on opposite sides)
Examples are;
Oleic acid (present in olive oil. Zaitoon oil)
Linoleic acid (present in soya bean oil)
Linoleinic acid (present in vegetables)
Arachndonic acid (present in the fats of pig. Lard means pigs fats)

Types of lipids

1) Simple lipids
2) Compound lipids
3) Conjugated lipids
4) Derived lipids

SIMPLE LIPIDS

Simple lipids may be NEUTRAL FATS OR WAXES.


NEUTRAL FATS

It contain triglycerides and waxes.

TRIGLYCEROIDS.

When pancreatic lipase is mixed with triglyceriod a molecule of glycerol and fatty acids are produced.
WAXES         
Waxes have high melting points.the main difference between waxes and triglyceriods are the glycerol is replaced by cholesterol in incase of waxes. It is present in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the outer covering of plants.

COMPOUND LIPIDS

They may be 1) phosphor lipids 2)glycolipids 3) sphingolipids 4)ganglosides.
1)  PHOSPHOLIPIDS

They are the major component of cell membrane.
Its structure composed of 1 glycerol 2 fatty acid and 1 phosphate group.
Its structure consist of two parts.
·       1) HEAD .
The head is hydrophilic.
It contains a phosphate group, glycerol, choline, or serin or inositol.
·       2) TAIL.
The head is hydrophobic.
It contains two fatty acids.

Types of phospholipids

Phosphotidyle cholin
Phosphotidyle serin
Phosphotidyle inositol
Phosphotidyle ethanal amine.

SPHINGOLIPIDS

It occurs in the brain.
It is present in the myelin sheath. Insphite of glycerol an amine alcohol known as spingosine is present.

GLYCOLIPIDS

They are called cerebrochytes and present the white matter of brain.
Sphingosine+3fatty acid+glycose.

GANGLIOSIDES

They are present in the gray matter of brain.
 Neuranamicacid+3fattyacid+glycose.

4) DERIVED LIPIDS

TERPENS

2-Methyl-1, 3-butadien composed of iso-prenoid units and 1 unit containing 5-carbon.
When a source of plant is distilled with steam, so obtained a mixture of material this is known as essential oil.

ESSENTIAL OIL
1) Essential oil consists of hydrocarbon chain known as polyene. Its general formula is (C5H8)n.
2) And oxygen derivatives such as alcohols, ketones, and aldehyde. This mixture of compound is known as terpens.
The terpens are arranged by head to tail arrangement.

They are classified by the number of carbon.

·        2 carbon compound is known as –isoprenoids.
·        10 carbon compound is known as –monoterpen.
·        20 carbon compound is known as –diterpen.
·        30 carbon compound is known as –triterpen.and so on.

TERPENS INCLUDE.

a.     Certain vitamins such as fat soluble vitamins as vitamin A,E, and K.
b.     Carotenoids which are phtosyntheitic pigments in plants.
c.      Co –enzymes Q ubiquinone.
 Terpens are responsible for  odour and flavor in plants.

For example.
 Geranoil abstracted from rose.
Menthol abstracted from mint.
Lemonem abstracted from lemon and orange.

CAROTENOIDS.

These are responsible for vitamin A production.
There are about 70 types of carotenoid present in plants and animals cell.
They may be of the type alpha , beta and gamma caroten.
They may be xyanthophyill present in animals , riboflavin (VB2) present in lactoflavin, xanthocyanine, flavolw, flayonone, flavones, coenxyme Q  etc..
                                                                                                    
STEROIDS

This family of compounds are widely distributed in all the plants and animals.
It cionsist of a system of cyclo-pentane or cyclo-hexane rings.
They are composed of 17 carbons rings.
EXAMPLES
a.     Cyclo-penten per hydrophenanthrene.
b.     Some steroids are hormons in nature such as sex hormones (estrogen, progestron,testosterone,corticosterone)
c.      Sone are vitamins in nature such as vitmin D2 (which influense on the activities of cellular enzymes by the gilp of expression of genes.
d.     Vitamin D2 is responsible for the expression of genes.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEROIDS AND CHOLESTROLS(C27H46O)

§  In case of cholesterol “with carbon no 3 the OH group is attached.
§  Between C5 and C6 there is  a double bond which is not present in case of steroids.
§   There is a CH3 group attached to the C10  and C12
§  There is a side chain attached at Carbon no 17.
The cholesterol are present in the blood , brain , spinal cord, bile and skin (sevendehydrocholestrol) for the production of vitamin D.


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