A complete and easy note on lipids
LIPIDS
They are the organic substances made up
of C, H, O, sometimes P, and N also.
They are insoluble in water but soluble
in organic solvents such as Ether, benzene, chloroform.
CAUSE;
Due
to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons.
FATS;
It is also known as fatty acid. It is
the organic acid. It is variable due to the presence of two groups. The one is
COOH and the other is R means alkyl group. It is hydrophobic. Its general
formula is (COOH-R). It has a low level of oxygen then In carbohydrate. For
example TRISTEARIN ACID. It is a lipid and it is present in the beef fat of
pigs.
Its formula is C57H110O6
. So now it is clear from the example that it has a low level of oxygen.
GLYCEROLS;
It is alcohol. It is constant and not a
variable. It soluble in water and it is hydrophilic means water lover. it has
the structure containing 3 carbons, 8 hydrogen, and 3 oxygen. Its formula
is C3H8O3 .
Types of fatty
acid
There are two types of fatty acids.
1) Saturated
2) Unsaturated
SATURATED;
They have no double bonds in their
bonding structure.
There is a presence of maximum number of
hydrogen atoms.
There is no further accommodation of
hydrogen atoms.
They are solid at room temperature.
Mostly they have even number of bonds.
Its general formula is CH3(CH2)nCOOH.
Examples are;
Palmatic acid. A 16 carbon compound
present in the beef fats.
myristic acid. A 12 carbon compound
present in butter fats.
Stearic acid. A 14 carbon compound
present in beef fats.
UNSATURATED
They have double bonds in their bonding structure
but not greater than 6.
They are insoluble at room temperature.
They can accommodate more hydrogen atoms
due to the presence of double bonds which makes them felixble like rubber.
They may be
1) Mono unsaturated fats. (Containing only 1 double bond.)
2)
Poly unsaturated fats. (Containing
more than 2 double bonds) omega 3 and omega 6).
3)
Trans unsaturated fats. (Having
double bonds on opposite sides)
Examples are;
Oleic acid (present in olive oil.
Zaitoon oil)
Linoleic acid (present in soya bean oil)
Linoleinic acid (present in vegetables)
Arachndonic acid (present in the fats of
pig. Lard means pigs fats)
Types of lipids
1) Simple lipids
2) Compound lipids
3) Conjugated lipids
4) Derived lipids
SIMPLE LIPIDS
Simple lipids may be NEUTRAL FATS OR
WAXES.
NEUTRAL FATS
It contain triglycerides and waxes.
TRIGLYCEROIDS.
When pancreatic lipase is mixed with
triglyceriod a molecule of glycerol and fatty acids are produced.
WAXES
Waxes have high melting points.the main
difference between waxes and triglyceriods are the glycerol is replaced by
cholesterol in incase of waxes. It is present in the exoskeleton of arthropods
and in the outer covering of plants.
COMPOUND LIPIDS
They may be 1) phosphor lipids
2)glycolipids 3) sphingolipids 4)ganglosides.
1)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
They are the major component of cell membrane.
Its structure composed of 1 glycerol 2 fatty acid and
1 phosphate group.
Its structure consist of two parts.
· 1) HEAD .
The head is hydrophilic.
It contains a phosphate group, glycerol, choline, or
serin or inositol.
· 2) TAIL.
The head is hydrophobic.
It contains two fatty acids.
Types of
phospholipids
Phosphotidyle cholin
Phosphotidyle serin
Phosphotidyle inositol
Phosphotidyle ethanal
amine.
SPHINGOLIPIDS
It occurs in the brain.
It is present in the myelin sheath. Insphite of
glycerol an amine alcohol known as spingosine is present.
GLYCOLIPIDS
They are called cerebrochytes and present the white
matter of brain.
Sphingosine+3fatty acid+glycose.
GANGLIOSIDES
They are present in the gray matter of brain.
Neuranamicacid+3fattyacid+glycose.
4) DERIVED LIPIDS
TERPENS
2-Methyl-1, 3-butadien composed of iso-prenoid units
and 1 unit containing 5-carbon.
When a source of plant is distilled with steam, so
obtained a mixture of material this is known as essential oil.
ESSENTIAL OIL
1) Essential oil consists of hydrocarbon chain known
as polyene. Its general formula is (C5H8)n.
2) And oxygen derivatives such as alcohols, ketones,
and aldehyde. This mixture of compound is known as terpens.
The terpens are arranged by head to tail arrangement.
They are
classified by the number of carbon.
·
2 carbon compound
is known as –isoprenoids.
·
10 carbon compound
is known as –monoterpen.
·
20 carbon compound
is known as –diterpen.
·
30 carbon compound
is known as –triterpen.and so on.
TERPENS INCLUDE.
a. Certain vitamins such as fat soluble vitamins as
vitamin A,E, and K.
b. Carotenoids which are phtosyntheitic pigments in
plants.
c.
Co –enzymes Q
ubiquinone.
Terpens are responsible for odour and flavor in plants.
For example.
Geranoil abstracted from rose.
Menthol abstracted from mint.
Lemonem abstracted from lemon and orange.
CAROTENOIDS.
These are responsible for vitamin A
production.
There are about 70 types of carotenoid
present in plants and animals cell.
They may be of the type alpha , beta and
gamma caroten.
They may be xyanthophyill present in
animals , riboflavin (VB2) present in lactoflavin, xanthocyanine,
flavolw, flayonone, flavones, coenxyme Q
etc..
STEROIDS
This family of compounds are widely
distributed in all the plants and animals.
It cionsist of a system of cyclo-pentane
or cyclo-hexane rings.
They are composed of 17 carbons rings.
EXAMPLES
a. Cyclo-penten per hydrophenanthrene.
b. Some steroids are hormons in nature such as sex
hormones (estrogen, progestron,testosterone,corticosterone)
c.
Sone are vitamins
in nature such as vitmin D2 (which influense on the activities of cellular
enzymes by the gilp of expression of genes.
d. Vitamin D2 is responsible for the expression of genes.
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN STEROIDS AND CHOLESTROLS(C27H46O)
§ In case of cholesterol “with carbon no 3 the OH group
is attached.
§ Between C5 and C6 there is a double bond which is not present in case of
steroids.
§ There is a CH3
group attached to the C10 and C12
§ There is a side chain attached at Carbon no 17.
The cholesterol are present in the blood
, brain , spinal cord, bile and skin (sevendehydrocholestrol) for the
production of vitamin D.
easyyyyy
ReplyDeletenicee note
ReplyDelete